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The Financial Stability Board (FSB) recently published its annual monitoring exercise on nonbank financial intermediation, revealing that the sector’s total assets reached $256.8 trillion in 2024. This represents ongoing growth in what is commonly referred to as shadow banking—financial entities that operate outside traditional banking regulations.
The report tracks the evolution of NBFI across 29 jurisdictions, including major economies such as the United States, China, and the European Union. According to the FSB, the expansion reflects the growing role of investment funds, private credit providers, and other nonbank lenders in global financial markets.
The FSB has been closely monitoring this segment since the 2008 financial crisis, as nonbank institutions can introduce vulnerabilities due to leverage, liquidity mismatches, and interconnectedness with the banking system. The 2024 data update is part of the board’s ongoing effort to identify potential systemic risks.
While the total of $256.8 trillion indicates a larger footprint for nonbank players, the FSB noted that the composition of intermediation channels continues to shift. For example, open‑ended investment funds and money market funds accounted for a significant share of the growth, alongside private credit markets that have seen increased activity.
The report does not provide a specific breakdown by country or sector in the headline figure, but the FSB’s detailed country‑level tables and analytical chapters are available in the full publication released concurrently.
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Key Highlights
- Sector size: Nonbank financial intermediation reached $256.8 trillion in total assets in 2024, up from prior years, reflecting sustained expansion.
- Global coverage: The report covers 29 jurisdictions, representing a large majority of global financial system assets.
- Key drivers: Growth was driven largely by investment funds (including bond, equity, and mixed funds), money market funds, and private credit vehicles.
- Regulatory focus: The FSB continues to emphasize the need for resilience in the NBFI sector, particularly regarding leverage, liquidity management, and operational risk.
- Systemic concerns: Ongoing expansion suggests that traditional banks are not the only sources of credit; nonbank lenders now play a substantial role in financing the real economy, which may create new channels for contagion.
- Policy implications: The report informs the FSB’s work program on NBFI policy measures, including recommendations on margin practices, liquidity stress testing, and data reporting.
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Expert Insights
Market observers note that the continued growth of nonbank financial intermediation underscores a structural shift in the global financial landscape. As traditional banks face tighter regulatory constraints, nonbank entities have stepped in to meet credit demand, particularly in areas such as direct lending and real estate finance.
However, the expansion also raises questions about risk transparency. Unlike banks, many nonbank intermediaries do not have direct access to central bank liquidity facilities, which could amplify stress during market dislocations. Analysts point to events in recent years, such as the 2020 dash for cash and the 2022 gilt market turmoil, as examples of vulnerabilities emerging from the NBFI sector.
From a portfolio perspective, the trend may influence asset allocation strategies. Institutional investors and asset managers might need to reassess counterparty risks when dealing with private credit funds or mortgage REITs. The FSB’s continued monitoring suggests that regulators are likely to introduce more granular reporting requirements and possibly capital or liquidity buffers for certain nonbank entities.
While no immediate policy changes were announced alongside the report, the data could serve as a basis for future macroprudential measures. Investors and financial professionals would be well served to stay informed about evolving NBFI regulation, as it may affect the pricing and availability of credit in non‑traditional channels. The potential for tighter oversight could, in turn, influence returns on private market investments and the cost of leverage.
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